Science, Technology and Society MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Science, Technology and Society - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is - Over the Top (OTT)

Key Points

• OTT (Over the Top)
  • Refers to media services delivered directly to viewers over the internet, bypassing traditional cable or satellite platforms.
  • Common examples include streaming platforms such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+.
  • OTT services are available on devices like smartphones, smart TVs, and tablets.
  • Unlike traditional broadcast methods, OTT offers on-demand content tailored to user preferences.

Additional Information

• Features of OTT Platforms
  • Subscription-based models: Platforms like Netflix and Disney+ operate on paid subscriptions for access to premium content.
  • Ad-supported models: Free platforms like YouTube or some OTT services provide content with advertisements.
  • Hybrid models: Some platforms, such as Hulu, use a mix of subscription and ad-supported revenue streams.
• Key Advantages of OTT
  • Flexibility: Users can watch content anytime, anywhere.
  • Personalized Experience: Algorithms recommend content based on user preferences.
  • Global Reach: OTT services are accessible worldwide, transcending geographic barriers.
• Challenges
  • Internet Dependency: Requires a stable internet connection for seamless streaming.
  • Data Privacy: Concerns over how user data is collected and used.
  • Content Regulation: Varies by region, with some governments implementing strict rules for OTT platforms.

The correct answer is - 46

Key Points

• Section 46 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 provides for the adjudication of disputes in cases of cyber crime.
• It authorizes adjudicating officers to handle cases where the claim for compensation does not exceed a specified monetary threshold.
• The section empowers the adjudicating officer to:
  • Conduct inquiries into alleged violations of the Act.
  • Award compensation to the affected parties for any damage or loss incurred due to cyber crimes.
• This provision ensures that victims of cyber crimes have a legal mechanism to seek justice and compensation for their losses.

Additional Information

• Adjudicating Officer
  • Section 46 specifies that the Central Government will appoint an officer not below the rank of a Director to the Government of India as the adjudicating officer.
  • The officer has the power to:
    • Summon individuals.
    • Examine witnesses under oath.
    • Demand the production of documents.
• Cyber Crime and Compensation
  • Cyber crimes such as identity theft, phishing, and data breaches often result in financial loss or reputational damage.
  • Section 46 ensures victims can claim compensation for such damages.
• Monetary Threshold
  • Adjudicating officers can only handle cases where the claim amount does not exceed ₹5 crore.
  • Claims exceeding this limit are referred to civil courts.
• Other Relevant Sections
  • Section 43: Deals with penalties for unauthorized access or damage to computer systems.
  • Section 66: Covers criminal offenses related to computer systems.
  • Both sections often work in conjunction with Section 46 to address cyber crimes comprehensively.

The correct answer is - DigiDoctor

Key Points

• DigiDoctor
  • DigiDoctor is a telemedicine healthcare app designed to provide 24-hour multi-specialty services to its users.
  • It connects patients with certified medical professionals for instant consultations, ensuring timely healthcare access.
  • The app emphasizes user-friendly interfaces and secure communication channels to enhance patient experience.
  • It is specifically tailored to offer a wide range of medical specialties, including general medicine, pediatrics, dermatology, and more.

Additional Information

• Telemedicine
  • Telemedicine refers to the use of digital platforms to provide remote medical consultations and healthcare services.
  • It is particularly beneficial for addressing healthcare needs in rural or underserved areas where access to medical professionals may be limited.
  • Popular features of telemedicine apps include video consultations, electronic prescriptions, and health monitoring tools.
• Other Telemedicine Apps
  • DigiHealth - Primarily focuses on fitness and health monitoring rather than direct multi-specialty medical consultations.
  • TeleDoctor - A telemedicine app offering basic healthcare services but not as comprehensive as DigiDoctor in terms of multi-specialty coverage.
  • DigiDoc - A platform focusing more on digital document storage and sharing for healthcare professionals rather than telemedicine services.
• Advantages of Telemedicine
  • Convenience: Patients can access healthcare services from the comfort of their homes.
  • Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for physical visits, lowering travel and associated expenses.
  • Timely Care: Facilitates immediate consultations, especially in emergencies or time-sensitive cases.

The correct answer is - Biology; bytes; bandwidth

Key Points

• Biology
  • Refers to the study of living organisms, including human cells, tissues, and genetics, which play a crucial role in understanding and advancing medical science.
  • Innovations in biological research, such as genomics and molecular biology, are transforming healthcare diagnostics and treatment.
• Bytes
  • Represents the digital data and information used in modern healthcare systems, including electronic health records (EHRs), medical imaging, and computational analysis.
  • The integration of big data in healthcare helps improve decision-making, patient outcomes, and personalized medicine.
• Bandwidth
  • Relates to the capacity of networks to transmit data, enabling advancements like telemedicine, remote monitoring, and real-time communication between healthcare providers and patients.
  • High bandwidth is essential for processing large volumes of medical data, such as video consultations or transmitting diagnostic images.

Additional Information

• Genomics in healthcare
  • Genomics, a branch of biology, focuses on the study of genomes and has led to breakthroughs in precision medicine.
  • Applications include identifying genetic markers for diseases and tailoring treatments based on individual genetic profiles.
• Role of big data in healthcare
  • Big data analytics utilize bytes of medical data to identify trends, predict outcomes, and optimize healthcare delivery.
  • Examples include predictive analytics for patient care, disease outbreak monitoring, and improving operational efficiency in hospitals.
• Telemedicine and bandwidth
  • Telemedicine relies on adequate bandwidth to ensure seamless communication between patients and healthcare professionals.
  • Applications include remote consultations, virtual surgeries, and monitoring chronic conditions through wearable devices.

The correct answer is - Media Bubble

Key Points

• Media Bubble
  • A Media Bubble refers to an environment where individuals are exposed to news, entertainment, and social media content that aligns with their existing ideologies or cultural perspectives.
  • It often excludes or misrepresents opposing views, leading to a lack of exposure to diverse perspectives.
  • This phenomenon is largely driven by personalized algorithms in social media and other digital platforms, which prioritize content based on user preferences.
  • The term highlights the risk of confirmation bias, where individuals are more likely to engage with information that reinforces their existing beliefs.
  • It can contribute to polarization in society, as people become isolated from differing viewpoints.

Additional Information

• Personalized Algorithms
  • Algorithms used by platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Google curate content based on users' past behavior, creating a tailored experience.
  • While this increases engagement, it also limits exposure to a variety of viewpoints, reinforcing the Media Bubble.
• Confirmation Bias
  • A cognitive bias where individuals prefer information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs.
  • This bias can be amplified in a Media Bubble due to the lack of opposing perspectives.
• Impact of Media Bubbles
  • Can contribute to social and political polarization, as individuals become entrenched in their own viewpoints.
  • Reduces the ability to engage in constructive dialogue with others holding different opinions.
  • Emphasizes the importance of seeking out diverse sources of information to mitigate the effects of a Media Bubble.

The correct answer is Offender computer skills and victim ignorance of computer technology.

Key Points

Cybercrime

• Cybercrime is the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends, such as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating privacy.
• The Cybercrime occurs primarily because of the skill of the offender who is called the Hacker.
• Cybercrime becomes easier for the offender to commit when the victim has a lack of knowledge towards computer technology.

The correct answer is Spam.Key Points

• Spam refers to unsolicited and unwanted emails sent in bulk to a large number of recipients.
• Spam emails often contain advertisements, scams, or malicious links, and can be a source of malware or phishing attempts.
• Spam filters and anti-spam software are used to block and prevent unwanted emails from reaching users' inboxes.

Additional Information

Malware

• ​Malware is malicious software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to a computer system.
• Common types of malware include viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware.
• Malware can be spread through email attachments, infected websites, or compromised software.

Phishing

• Phishing is a type of cyber attack in which attackers impersonate legitimate organizations to trick individuals into providing sensitive information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or personal data.
• Phishing attacks often involve deceptive emails, fake websites, or social engineering tactics to lure victims into disclosing their confidential information.
• Phishing attacks can lead to identity theft, financial fraud, and unauthorized access to personal or corporate accounts.

Hacking

• Hacking involves gaining unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or data with the intent of stealing information, causing damage, or disrupting operations.
• Hackers use various techniques such as exploiting vulnerabilities, password cracking, or social engineering to breach security measures and gain access to sensitive information.
• Hacking can result in data breaches, financial losses, and compromise the integrity and confidentiality of personal or corporate information.

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

Key Points

Socialization has 4 major agents namely family, school, peers, and mass media. Mass media is an agent of secondary socialization that takes place throughout one's life.

Mass Media is becoming a very important agency of socialization as mass media is a form of media which:

• helps us to connect with a large number of people at one time.
• helps individuals to form and shape their opinions, beliefs, and values. 
• helps children to directly interact with the world through various online portals.

Hence, it could be concluded that the statement 'access to mass media is growing and mass media influences attitudes, values, and beliefs' is most appropriate in the context.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. ARPANET was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense.

The correct answer is All of the above.Key Points

• LAN- Local Area Network:
  • A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.
  • A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an office or school.
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network:
  • A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings.
• WAN - Wide Area Network:
  • A wide-area network (WAN) is a collection of local-area networks (LANs) or other networks that communicate with one another. 
  • A WAN is essentially a network of networks, with the Internet the world's largest WAN.

The correct answer is Digital Divide.

• Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology-based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. While developed countries have highly advanced technology on the same hand developing countries lagging behind it, it is known as Digital Divide.
• For example, in a large country like India or Russia, it is inevitable that certain areas like metropolitan centers possess better connectivity and access to the digital world versus peripheral rural areas.
• The Digital Divide, also called the digital split.

Additional Information

•  As per the report by NSO, most of the Internet-enabled homes are located in cities, where 42% have Internet access. In rural India, however, only 15% are connected to the internet.
• As per TRAI, the total internet density in the country stood at about 49% in 2018 and out of which 25% belongs to rural areas and 98% in urban areas.

The concept of ‘Global Village’ was propounded by Marshall McLuhan.

Key PointsGlobal Village:

• Global village describes the phenomenon of the entire world becoming more interconnected as the result of the propagation of media technologies throughout the world.
• The term was coined by Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan in his books The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962) and Understanding Media (1964).
• Literary scholar Sue-Im Lee describes how the term global village has come to designate “the dominant term for expressing a global coexistence altered by transnational commerce, migration, and culture”.
• Economic journalist Thomas Friedman's definition of the global village as a world “tied together into a single globalized marketplace and village” is another contemporary understanding of the term (as cited in Poll, 2012).
• Marshall McLuhan, who was a Canadian thinker, coined the term 'global village' in the 1960s.
• It indicates the daily production and consumption of media, images, and content by global audiences.
• McLuhan's views on the retribalization of Western society are prefigured in American anthropologist Edward Sapir's 1933 article on Communication

Hence, the correct answer is Marshall McLuhan.

The correct answer is - Over the Top (OTT)

Key Points

• OTT (Over the Top)
  • Refers to media services delivered directly to viewers over the internet, bypassing traditional cable or satellite platforms.
  • Common examples include streaming platforms such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+.
  • OTT services are available on devices like smartphones, smart TVs, and tablets.
  • Unlike traditional broadcast methods, OTT offers on-demand content tailored to user preferences.

Additional Information

• Features of OTT Platforms
  • Subscription-based models: Platforms like Netflix and Disney+ operate on paid subscriptions for access to premium content.
  • Ad-supported models: Free platforms like YouTube or some OTT services provide content with advertisements.
  • Hybrid models: Some platforms, such as Hulu, use a mix of subscription and ad-supported revenue streams.
• Key Advantages of OTT
  • Flexibility: Users can watch content anytime, anywhere.
  • Personalized Experience: Algorithms recommend content based on user preferences.
  • Global Reach: OTT services are accessible worldwide, transcending geographic barriers.
• Challenges
  • Internet Dependency: Requires a stable internet connection for seamless streaming.
  • Data Privacy: Concerns over how user data is collected and used.
  • Content Regulation: Varies by region, with some governments implementing strict rules for OTT platforms.

The correct answer is - 46

Key Points

• Section 46 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 provides for the adjudication of disputes in cases of cyber crime.
• It authorizes adjudicating officers to handle cases where the claim for compensation does not exceed a specified monetary threshold.
• The section empowers the adjudicating officer to:
  • Conduct inquiries into alleged violations of the Act.
  • Award compensation to the affected parties for any damage or loss incurred due to cyber crimes.
• This provision ensures that victims of cyber crimes have a legal mechanism to seek justice and compensation for their losses.

Additional Information

• Adjudicating Officer
  • Section 46 specifies that the Central Government will appoint an officer not below the rank of a Director to the Government of India as the adjudicating officer.
  • The officer has the power to:
    • Summon individuals.
    • Examine witnesses under oath.
    • Demand the production of documents.
• Cyber Crime and Compensation
  • Cyber crimes such as identity theft, phishing, and data breaches often result in financial loss or reputational damage.
  • Section 46 ensures victims can claim compensation for such damages.
• Monetary Threshold
  • Adjudicating officers can only handle cases where the claim amount does not exceed ₹5 crore.
  • Claims exceeding this limit are referred to civil courts.
• Other Relevant Sections
  • Section 43: Deals with penalties for unauthorized access or damage to computer systems.
  • Section 66: Covers criminal offenses related to computer systems.
  • Both sections often work in conjunction with Section 46 to address cyber crimes comprehensively.

The correct answer is - DigiDoctor

Key Points

• DigiDoctor
  • DigiDoctor is a telemedicine healthcare app designed to provide 24-hour multi-specialty services to its users.
  • It connects patients with certified medical professionals for instant consultations, ensuring timely healthcare access.
  • The app emphasizes user-friendly interfaces and secure communication channels to enhance patient experience.
  • It is specifically tailored to offer a wide range of medical specialties, including general medicine, pediatrics, dermatology, and more.

Additional Information

• Telemedicine
  • Telemedicine refers to the use of digital platforms to provide remote medical consultations and healthcare services.
  • It is particularly beneficial for addressing healthcare needs in rural or underserved areas where access to medical professionals may be limited.
  • Popular features of telemedicine apps include video consultations, electronic prescriptions, and health monitoring tools.
• Other Telemedicine Apps
  • DigiHealth - Primarily focuses on fitness and health monitoring rather than direct multi-specialty medical consultations.
  • TeleDoctor - A telemedicine app offering basic healthcare services but not as comprehensive as DigiDoctor in terms of multi-specialty coverage.
  • DigiDoc - A platform focusing more on digital document storage and sharing for healthcare professionals rather than telemedicine services.
• Advantages of Telemedicine
  • Convenience: Patients can access healthcare services from the comfort of their homes.
  • Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for physical visits, lowering travel and associated expenses.
  • Timely Care: Facilitates immediate consultations, especially in emergencies or time-sensitive cases.