Wear of rails is maximum in

Explanation:

1. Definition of Rail Wear
   Rail wear refers to the gradual loss of material from the rail surface due to friction, impact, and stress from repeated wheel contact. It affects the rail’s profile, strength, and alignment over time.

2. Maximum Wear in Sharp Curves
   On sharp curves, the outer rail experiences more lateral force due to centrifugal action, and the flange of the wheel exerts greater pressure, causing gauge face wear. This is the most severe location for rail wear.

3. Types of Rail Wear

   • Top wear: due to vertical loading from train wheels.

   • Side (gauge face) wear: from lateral thrust in curves.

   • End wear: due to improper jointing or impact at rail ends.

   • Corrugation: formation of waves or undulations due to vibration.

4. Factors Influencing Rail Wear

   • Traffic volume and speed

   • Track geometry (curves vs. tangents)

   • Rail material and hardness

   • Axle loads and wheel profiles

   • Lubrication and maintenance practices

 Additional InformationOther Types of Rail Damage 

• Crushing of Rail Head:  Happens under high axle loads, especially if material is soft or under-lubricated. It leads to deformation of the rail crown, which affects riding comfort and increases the risk of derailment.

• Rail Fractures and Cracks: Initiated by internal flaws or fatigue, aggravated by repeated impact loading. Cracks often originate from bolt holes, fishplate areas, or welded joints.

• Shelling and Spalling: Shelling occurs when small pieces of metal flake off due to internal fatigue. Spalling is surface chipping due to impact or stress concentrations, often seen near switches or crossings.

• Rail Buckling: Common in extreme heat, when thermal expansion causes longitudinal stress. If rails are not adequately anchored, it results in track misalignment and severe safety hazards.

• Plastic Flow: Repeated stress can cause metal flow on the rail surface, especially in soft rails. This leads to change in rail profile, requiring grinding or replacement.

• Squats and Corrugations: Squats are small surface defects from rolling contact fatigue. Corrugations are wave-like wear patterns caused by vibration, leading to noise and uneven running surfaces.