Which of the following could be a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease?

Question

Question

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KGMU Nursing Officer 2023 Memory-Based Previous Year Paper

Answer 1

Correct Answer: High levels of Low-Density Lipid (LDL) cholesterol

Rationale:

Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaques within the walls of arteries. These plaques are primarily composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, and other cellular debris.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad cholesterol," plays a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis. LDL transports cholesterol to the cells, and when its levels are excessively high, cholesterol can accumulate in the arterial walls, leading to plaque formation.
The buildup of plaques narrows the arteries, reducing blood flow and increasing the risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD), heart attacks, and strokes.
High levels of LDL cholesterol are one of the most significant risk factors for atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease. Managing LDL levels through lifestyle modifications and medications (like statins) is a crucial part of preventing these diseases.
Other contributing factors to atherosclerosis include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle, but elevated LDL cholesterol remains a primary concern.

Explanation of Other Options:

Low levels of Low-Density Lipid (LDL) cholesterol

Rationale: Low levels of LDL cholesterol are not a risk factor for atherosclerosis or peripheral vascular disease. In fact, lower levels of LDL are considered protective against the buildup of plaques in the arteries.
Maintaining low LDL cholesterol levels is a recommended strategy for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

High levels of Very Low-Density Lipid (VLDL) cholesterol

Rationale: While VLDL cholesterol is another type of "bad cholesterol" that transports triglycerides in the blood, it primarily contributes to high triglyceride levels rather than directly leading to atherosclerosis. Although elevated VLDL can be harmful, LDL cholesterol is more directly linked to plaque formation in arteries.
VLDL cholesterol is considered a secondary factor compared to LDL cholesterol in the development of atherosclerosis.

High levels of High-Density Lipid (HDL) cholesterol

Rationale: High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is often referred to as "good cholesterol." It helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transports it to the liver for excretion.
Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis, as it counteracts the harmful effects of LDL cholesterol.
Thus, high levels of HDL cholesterol are not a risk factor but rather a protective factor against cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusion:

The development of atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease is strongly associated with high levels of LDL cholesterol, which contribute to plaque buildup in arterial walls. Among the options provided, high LDL cholesterol is the most significant risk factor.
Maintaining a healthy lipid profile, including low LDL and high HDL cholesterol levels, is essential for preventing these conditions and improving overall cardiovascular health.