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Home / IAS Preparation / Battle Of Imphal

Battle of Imphal 1944: Learn its History, Major Events & More for UPSC Exam!

Last Updated on Dec 14, 2023
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The Battle of Imphal took place from March to July 1944 in the area surrounding Imphal, the state capital of Manipur in Northeast India. The Battle of Imphal was fought at the zenith of the Second World War in 1944. The battle was the consequence of the Japanese army’s U-Go offensive into India during the Second World War. The attempt of the Japanese forces to capture Kohima Ridge from the British and Indian troops of the IV Corps was the fiercest battle during the Second World War in the North-Eastern region of India.

The Battle of Imphal 1944 is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam. It covers a significant part of the World History subject in the General Studies Paper-1 syllabus. In this article, we shall study the historic background, major events, and significance of the Battle of Imphal UPSC.

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Download the PDF on Battle of Imphal for UPSC Exam here!

Download World History UPSC Notes with the linked article!

Who Fought the Battle of Imphal and Why?

The Battle of Imphal was fought during World War II between the British Commonwealth and Allied forces, primarily represented by the British Indian Army and the Japanese Imperial Army. The battle took place in and around the city of Imphal, located in the northeastern region of India, which was then part of British India.

The battle was a part of the larger Burma Campaign, which aimed to repel the Japanese invasion of India, British Burma (now Myanmar) and eventually drive them out of Southeast Asia. The Japanese forces, led by General Renya Mutaguchi, sought to capture Imphal and Kohima, which were vital to their plans for advancing into India.

The British Commonwealth and Allied forces, under the overall command of General William Slim, defended Imphal and Kohima, effectively halting the Japanese advance into India. The battle was a turning point in the Burma Campaign and marked a significant defeat for the Japanese forces. The British Commonwealth and Allied forces successfully defended Imphal and Kohima, ensuring the protection of India and thwarting the Japanese attempt to establish a foothold in the subcontinent.

Historical Background of Battle of Imphal, 1944

  • During the Second World War, the Japanese planned to invade India. It was codenamed U-Go.
  •  The plan was to disrupt the Allied offensive plans. If the Japanese could gain a strong foothold in India, they would demonstrate the weakness of the British empire.
  • Kohima was the connecting link to southeast Asia; thus, the Japanese troops tried to capture it through Burma and cut off supplies for the British army.
  • According to the plan, the Japanese 31st Division was sent to capture Kohima and cut off Imphal.
  • On 15 March 1944, the Japanese crossed the Chindwin River and moved northwest along jungle trails.
  •  They clashed with the Indian troops in the northern part of Imphal on 20 March.

Important Facts: Battle of Imphal 1944 

Start Date

8 March 1944

End Date

3 July 1944

Location

Imphal, Manipur, India

Parties Involved

Japanese Army & British Indian Army

Result

Allied forces of British and Indian army won

Important Events

Battle of Sangshak

Battle of the Tennis Court

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Major Events During Battle of Imphal
  • The Indian troops were under the control of Brigadier Maxwell. Japanese troops and the 50th Parachute Brigade of India faced each other at the Battle of Sangshak which lasted for six days.
  • The battle continued and the actual siege began on 6 April. Japanese weapons and weapons were captured at Sangshak and were driven into Garrison Hill.
  • The heaviest battle took place at the north end of the Kohima ridge which was known as the Battle of the Tennis Court. Many soldiers of each side also fought each other hand to hand.
  • The British 6th Brigade defended Garrison Hill and the other two brigades of the 2nd division were posted in Naga village.
  • With the onset of monsoon and shortage of food and artillery the Japanese troops were forced to step back.
  • The Japanese army lost more soldiers at the battle (about 53000 dead) and on the other hand, the British had about 12,500 deaths.
  • With the arrival of the reinforcement from the British side to Dimapur and an excellent show of artillery also helped the British and Indian troops to stop the Japanese from a full capture of the strategic Kohima.

Battle of Kohima

The battle of Kohima and Imphal are closely related because they both were fought in 1944 during the second world war and both were turning points against Japanese Forces. The battle of Kohima was held from 4 April to -22 June 1944 in Kohima, Nagaland. The battle was fought between Japanese forces and the allied forces of British and India. The battle resulted in the victory of British and Indian forces.

Also, check out the article on Allied and Axis Powers – Second World War with this link!

Importance Of Battle Of Imphal

The Battle of Imphal, which occurred during World War II, holds significant historical importance for several reasons:

  • Turning Point in WWII: The Battle of Imphal marked a turning point in the Asian theater of World War II, as it was one of the first instances where the Japanese advance was halted and then pushed back.
  • Stopping the Japanese Advance: Allied forces, primarily British and Indian troops, successfully defended Imphal, preventing the Japanese from advancing into India and potentially changing the course of the war.
  • Liberation of Burma: The victory at Imphal was crucial for the subsequent liberation of Burma (now Myanmar) from Japanese occupation. It paved the way for the Allies to regain control of the region.
  • Preservation of India's Freedom: The battle's outcome ensured that India remained a British colony rather than falling under Japanese control, preserving its path to eventual independence in 1947.
  • Recognition of Sacrifice: The Battle of Imphal is a testament to the bravery and sacrifice of soldiers from various nations, including India, the United Kingdom, and others, who fought together against a common enemy.
  • Historical Legacy: The battle's legacy is commemorated through memorials and remembrance ceremonies, underscoring its significance in the history of India and the broader context of World War II.

Battle of Imphal Casualties
  • The Japanese defeat in the battles of Kohima and Imphal marked the largest setback for them up to that point.
  • They incurred a total of 54,879 casualties, which included 13,376 fatalities, along with 920 casualties in the preliminary Assam battles.
  • The majority of Japanese losses were due to starvation, disease, and exhaustion.
  • On the Allied side, there were 12,603 casualties in total.

End of Battle of Imphal
  • The Japanese realized the need to end the operation as early as May.
  • Lieutenant General Hikosaburo Hata, Vice-Chief of the General Staff, reported pessimistically on the operation's outcome to Prime Minister Hideki Tojo after inspecting the Southern Army's headquarters in April.
  • Tojo dismissed Hata's concerns, attributing them to a junior staff officer, Major Masaru Ushiro.
  • Imperial Headquarters urged that the operation should continue.
  • Lieutenant General Kawabe visited the area on May 25 and received expressions of confidence from officers but concealed the seriousness of the situation.
  • At a meeting on June 6, both Mutaguchi and Kawabe used unspoken communication to convey their belief that success was impossible but didn't want to take responsibility for ordering a retreat.
  • Kawabe became ill and ordered repeated attacks, believing Bose was crucial for Japan and India's future.
  • Mutaguchi ordered the 31st Division to join the 15th Division in attacking Imphal, but neither division complied due to their condition.
  • Mutaguchi finally ordered the offensive to be terminated on July 3.
  • The Japanese, in disarray, retreated to the Chindwin, leaving behind artillery, transport, and many wounded or sick soldiers.
  • Tamu was recaptured by the Allies at the end of July, revealing unburied Japanese corpses and severely wounded soldiers.

Aftermath
  • General Sato was removed from command of the Japanese 31st Division.
  • After seventy years of the Battle of Kohima a memorial was unveiled at Jotsoma.
  • Two Victoria Crosses were awarded to British Officials.
  • The war cemetery in Kohima, Garrison Hill, described the fierce situation of the battle.

Also, check out the difference between war and battle here.

Conclusion

The battle of Imphal had seen many carcasses of soldiers on both sides. Attempts by the Japanese troop to cut off the link between North East India and to capture the whole terrain was in vain. The allied forces of the British troop and the Indian soldiers fought valiantly to protect its territories during the Second World War.

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Battle of Imphal FAQs

Battle of Imphal was the result of the Japanese offensive U-Go initiative. The defeat of the Japanese army at Kohima and Imphal helped the British conquer Burma in the future.

The result of the battle was that the Japanese troops were defeated by the British Indian Army. The battle of Imphal and Kohima took place in three phases between the Japanese and the British Indian Army in 1944.

During the Second World War, the Japanese army tried to invade India. The operation was codenamed U-Go. The main motive of the offensive was to destroy the allied forces at Imphal and Kohima. It had another reason to seize the resources of Southeast Asia.

The Japanese Army and the allied forces of the British and Indian armies fought with each other in the battle. The battle of Imphal took place in the city of Imphal and Kohima in the state of Manipur during the Second World War.

The battle of Imphal took place during the Second World War in 1944. The battle was fought in the city of Imphal and Kohima in Manipur state between the Japanese army and the British army in three stages.
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