Structure of Arguments MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Structure of Arguments - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The correct answer is A only.Important Points 

Characteristics of a Valid Argument:

• Logical Implication: The conclusion logically follows from the premises.
• Truth-Preservation: If the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
• Independent of Content: Validity depends on the structure, not the specific topic.
• Deductive Logic: Follows established rules of deductive reasoning.
• No Counterexamples: No scenario where true premises lead to a false conclusion.

Key Points 

Premise 1: All pigs are sheep

Premise 2: All sheep are goats

Conclusion: Therefore, all pigs are goats

• This is actually a valid argument in the form of syllogism. The premises logically entail the conclusion.
• If all pigs are sheep, and all sheep are goats, then it must be true that all pigs are also goats.
• The middle term (sheep) is distributed in both premises but not in the conclusion, making this a valid syllogistic argument.
  

So option A is the right answer. This is a valid argument because if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

The correct solution is "The predicate is distributed".

Key Points

• The A statement distributes the subject term only.
• The E statement distributes both the subject term and predicate term.
• The I statement distributes no terms (neither the subject nor the predicate)
• The O statement distributes the predicate term only.

Distribution

Classical square of opposition:

• The square of opposition is a chart that was introduced within classical (categorical) logic to represent the logical relationships holding between certain propositions in virtue of their form.
• The square, traditionally conceived, looks like this:

• This is also called classical or Aristotelian categorical logic.
• The four corners of this chart represent the four basic forms of propositions recognized in classical logic:
  1. A propositions or universal affirmatives take the form: All S are P.
  2. E propositions or universal negations take the form: No S are P.
  3. I propositions or particular affirmatives take the form: Some S are P.
  4. ​O propositions or particular negations take the form: Some S are not P.

​Key Points

Relationships: 

Hence, the correct matching is, A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

The square of opposition is a chart that was introduced within classical (categorical) logic to represent the logical relationships holding between certain propositions in virtue of their form.

Key Points

 The square of opposition:

• Universals on top vs particulars on the bottom
• Affirmatives on left vs negatives on right
• Contradictories (diagonals):

They always have the opposite truth values--you will always be able to determine the truth value of contradictories.

• Contraries:
  • Two propositions are said to be contraries if they can't both be true, and the truth of one entails the truth of the other. i.e. Two statements are contrary to one another if they are both universals but differ in quality.
  • Contraries cannot at the same time both be true, but can, at the same time, be false.
  • If either of these propositions is true, then the other must be false.
  • Contraries cannot both be true at the same time 
• Sub-contraries
  • ​The relation between two particular propositions having the same subject and predicate but differing in quality is subcontrary opposition
• Subalternation
  • It is a relation between the particular statement and the universal statement of the same quality (affirmative or negative) such that the particular is implied by the universal,
• Opposition:
  • It occurs when two standard-form categorical propositions refer to the same subject and predicate classes but differ in quality, quantity, or both.

Hence we conclude that the correct answer is one is denial or negation of the other 

Categorical propositions are statements about classes of things. A class is a group of objects. There are two class terms in each categorical proposition, a subject class, and a predicate class.

There are four types of categorical proposition:

1. A-proposition: Asserts that the entire subject class is included in the predicate class.
   • Standard-form of the A-proposition: All S are P.
   • This is the universal affirmative proposition.
2. I-proposition: Asserts that at least one member of the subject class is included in the predicate class.
   • Standard-form of the I-proposition: Some S are P.
   • This is a particular affirmative proposition.
3. E-proposition: Asserts that the entire subject class is excluded from the predicate class.
   • Standard-form of the E-proposition: No S are P.
   • This is the universal negative proposition.
4. O-proposition: Asserts that at least one member of the subject class is excluded from the predicate class.
   • Standard-form of the O-proposition: Some S are not P.
   • This is a particular negative proposition.

Distribution, also called Distribution Of Terms, in syllogisms, the application of a term of a proposition to the entire class that the term denotes. A term is said to be distributed in a given proposition if that proposition implies all other propositions that differ from it only in having, in place of the original term, any other term whose extension is a part of that of the original term—i.e., if, and only if, the term as it is used in that occurrence covers all the members of the class that it denotes.

Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

A proposition is the most basic element of logic. It is a declarative sentence that is either true or false. 

A premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion. There can be one or many premises in a single argument.

The inference is a guess that you make or an opinion that you form based on the information that you have. It is a process by which conclusion is arrived at on the basis of other propositions. In a technical sense, it is the reasoning process expressed by the arguer in an argument.

A concept is a principle or idea. It is an abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances.

Hence, it is concluded from the above definitions that the propositions that support the conclusion of an argument are called Premises.

An argument is a unit of reasoning that attempts to prove that a certain idea is true by citing other ideas as evidence. Each argument has only one ultimate conclusion. Ideas that the argument uses as pieces of evidence for the ultimate conclusion are called premises.

The Two Main Types of Arguments are:

Hence, it can be concluded from the given table that inductive argument proceeds from ‘Particular to Universal’.

The correct answer is to Appeal to people.

Key Points Appeal to people fallacy:

• The fallacy of appeal to appeal to the people consists of arguing that a claim is true because a lot of people believe it, or that a claim is false because a lot of people do not believe it.
• Whether or not an idea is true is rarely a matter of how many people believe it. 
• This type of fallacy believes that certain thinking is true only because most people believe it to be true.
• There is no fact of scientific judgment to support the idea, but the acceptance lies in the fact that most people believe it to be true.
• In the above example, the person says that the Golden pear brand phone looks good in the hand because all the Bollywood stars are carrying it these days.
• It means that the person believes the phone to be good not being supported by a fact but only because Bollywood is carrying it nowadays.

Hence, the fallacy mentioned in the argument is Appeal to people.

A proposition consists of a subject (about which something is said), predicate (states something about the subject) and copula (denotes the relation between subject and predicate).  A proposition concerning quality is either affirmative or negative, and concerning the quantity, they are either universal or particular.

For example, All flowers (subject) are (copula) pink (predicate)

A categorical proposition can be interpreted as asserting a relation of inclusion or exclusion, complete or partial, between two classes. A class is a collection of all objects which has some common characteristic. For example, ‘All S are P’.

There are Four Types of Categorical Propositions:

Universal Affirmative (A):

• It is a proposition of the form ‘All S are P’.
• They begin with All, Every, etc.
• The term ‘universal’ implies a proposition that remains constant and universal and is true in all circumstances and the absence of negative words such as no, not, etc. indicates it is affirmative.

Therefore, Mahatma Gandhi is called the father of Nation' is a Universal affirmative.

• Universal Negative (E): It is a proposition of the form ‘No S is P’. It begins with ‘No’, ‘None’, etc.
• Particular Affirmative (I): It is a proposition of the form ‘Some S are P’. It begins with ‘Some’.
• Particular Negative(O): It is a proposition of the form ‘Some S are not P’.

The correct option is 'A, B and D only'.

Key Points

• Truth and falsehood are attributes of individual propositions.
  • Truth and falsehood are properties that apply to propositions (statements) independently. A proposition can be true or false regardless of other propositions.
  • Hence, Statement A is correct.
• Validity can never apply to any single proposition by itself.
  • Validity is a property of arguments, not individual propositions. An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. A single proposition cannot be valid or invalid on its own; it can only be true or false.
  • Hence, Statement B is correct.
• In a valid argument, all of its premises have to be true.
  • Validity does not require that all premises be true. An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises, regardless of the truth value of the premises.
  • Hence, Statement C is incorrect.
• A valid deductive argument cannot have all true premises and a false conclusion.
  • In a valid deductive argument, if all the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. It is impossible for a valid argument to have all true premises and a false conclusion.
  • Hence, Statement D is correct.