Comparative Political Analysis MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for Comparative Political Analysis - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

The correct answer is Stress relief.

Explanation: Détente is a term often used in international relations to describe a period of improved relations between countries, especially among countries that were previously antagonistic or in conflict.

 Key Points

• The term is French for "relaxation" or "easing" or stress relief and is used to refer to a thawing or easing of tensions and hostilities. 
• Détente is characterized by diplomatic negotiations, treaties, and agreements that aim to reduce the risk of conflict, promote mutual understanding, and establish more stable and peaceful relations.
• A well-known example of détente was the period of eased relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, particularly in the 1970s, which led to several significant agreements on arms control and cooperation in various areas.

The correct answer is Executive branch of government.

Explanation: Delegated legislation, also known as secondary or subordinate legislation, refers to laws or regulations that are not passed directly by a primary legislative body (such as a parliament or congress) but are instead made by an individual or body under powers granted to them by a primary legislation. The executive branch of the government, which includes various ministers, departments, and agencies, is often responsible for creating delegated legislation.

Key Points

The process works as follows:

• Primary Legislation: The primary legislative body enacts a primary piece of legislation (an Act of Parliament or a statute), which sets out the broad framework and principles of the law. This legislation often includes provisions that delegate powers to ministers or government departments to make more detailed rules and regulations within the framework established by the Act.
• Delegation: The primary legislation will specify who has the power to make the delegated legislation, the scope of that power, and any specific procedures that must be followed. This delegation of power is necessary because the primary legislative body cannot foresee all the detailed regulations needed to implement and administer complex laws in various fields, such as taxation, environmental protection, or public health.
• Making of Delegated Legislation: The authorized body or individual then uses these delegated powers to make specific rules, regulations, orders, or by-laws. These are the delegated legislations that provide the details necessary to apply and enforce the primary legislation.
• Advantages: Delegated legislation allows for laws to be made more efficiently and flexibly than would be possible if every detail had to be debated and passed by the primary legislative body. It enables the law to be adapted to changing circumstances and to address complex or technical matters that require specialist knowledge.
• Concerns and Safeguards: Delegated legislation can raise concerns about democratic accountability because it is not made by the elected legislative body. To address these concerns, there are usually safeguards in place, such as requirements for consultation, publication, and the ability for the legislative body to scrutinize and, if necessary, revoke delegated legislation.

 Additional Information

• Delegated legislation is a practical tool that allows the executive branch of the government to make detailed legal rules within a framework established by primary legislation.
• It is essential for the effective and efficient administration of complex modern states but requires appropriate safeguards to maintain democratic accountability.

The Correct Answer is By making concessions to the oppressed

Explanation:

Poulantzas argued that the state obtains the consent of the oppressed by forming class alliances and making concessions to subordinate groups.

Key Points

Nicos Poulantzas, a prominent Marxist theorist, was known for his contributions to the study of the state and its role in maintaining capitalist systems. He argued that the state obtains the consent of the oppressed primarily through a combination of the following elements:

• Poulantzas believed that the capitalist state often uses a mix of coercive and ideological measures to secure the consent of the oppressed or working-class population. One of these ideological measures is making certain concessions to the working class. By offering limited reforms or social benefits, the state can provide some material improvement in the lives of the oppressed, which can lead to a sense of gratitude or reliance on the state. This can create a perception that the state is working in the interests of the working class, even while maintaining the overall capitalist system.
• While Poulantzas acknowledged that repression and force were tools the state could use to control dissent, he emphasized the importance of the ideological and economic dimensions in securing consent. The state's ability to provide some social services or economic stability can help maintain a semblance of social order and legitimacy, reducing the need for excessive repression.

 Additional Information

• According to Poulantzas, the state obtains the consent of the oppressed not solely through repression and force but also by offering concessions and making limited reforms to create a sense of dependency and compliance among the working class.
• This approach serves to stabilize the capitalist system while keeping the potential for unrest at bay.

The correct answer is Stasiology.

Stasiology is the study of political parties.

Key Points

• Maurice Duverger used the term Stasiology in his book Political Parties(1951). He is known for his contribution to law of electoral system.
• Demography is the statistical study of the human population.
• Psephology, a method within the field of political science known as political methodology, is the "quantitative analysis of elections and balloting". Political forecasting is related to psephology, which uses science to explain elections.

The correct answer is '(A), (B), (C) Only'.

Key Points

• China is a Communist country, therefore it has single party system:
  • China is governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC), which is the only legal party in the country.
  • The single-party system means that no other political parties are allowed to govern or compete for power.
• India enjoys multi party system:
  • India has a multi-party system, which means multiple political parties compete in elections and can hold power at different levels of government.
  • This system allows for a diverse representation of interests and ideologies within the political framework of the country.
• Britain has two party system:
  • The United Kingdom primarily features a two-party system, dominated by the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.
  • While other parties exist, these two have historically been the major players in British politics.

Additional Information

• Japan enjoys two party system:
  • This statement is incorrect. Japan has a multi-party system, with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) being one of the dominant parties, but other parties also play significant roles.
• South Africa has single party system:
  • This statement is incorrect. South Africa has a multi-party system, with the African National Congress (ANC) being the dominant party, but other parties such as the Democratic Alliance (DA) and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) also participate in the political process.

The correct answer is 'Robert Michels'

Key Points

• Iron Law of Oligarchy:
  • Robert Michels, a German sociologist, formulated the Iron Law of Oligarchy in his 1911 book "Political Parties."
  • The Iron Law of Oligarchy posits that all forms of organization, regardless of how democratic or autocratic they are at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies.
  • This theory suggests that true democracy is practically and theoretically impossible, especially in large and complex organizations.
  • Michels argued that the internal dynamics of organizations lead to the concentration of power in the hands of a few leaders or elites, making the rank-and-file members less influential over time.

Additional Information

• Other Options:
  • James Burnham:
    • James Burnham was an American philosopher and political theorist known for his work on managerial revolution and the dynamics of power, but he did not formulate the Iron Law of Oligarchy.
  • Raymond Aron:
    • Raymond Aron was a French philosopher and sociologist, recognized for his works on sociology of knowledge and political theory, but he did not develop the concept of the Iron Law of Oligarchy.
  • Karl Mannheim:
    • Karl Mannheim was a Hungarian sociologist known for his contributions to the sociology of knowledge, but he did not propose the Iron Law of Oligarchy.
• Implications of the Iron Law of Oligarchy:
  • This concept highlights the challenges faced by democratic organizations in maintaining true democratic practices over time.
  • It underscores the tendency for power to become concentrated, even in organizations that start with egalitarian and democratic ideals.
  • Understanding this law is crucial for political scientists and sociologists studying the dynamics of power within organizations.

The correct answer is 'Samuel P. Huntington'

Key Points

• Political Decay:
  • Samuel P. Huntington introduced the concept of "Political Decay" in his seminal work "Political Order in Changing Societies" (1968).
  • Political Decay refers to the process by which political systems deteriorate in their ability to maintain order and ensure good governance.
  • Huntington argued that political systems may fail to adapt to changing social and economic conditions, leading to instability, corruption, and inefficiency.
  • He emphasized the importance of institutional development and the role of political organizations in maintaining political order.

Additional Information

• Lucian W. Pye:
  • Lucian W. Pye was a political scientist known for his work on political culture and development, but he did not specifically develop the concept of political decay.
• Sidney Verba:
  • Sidney Verba was a prominent political scientist who focused on civic culture and political participation. While his work has been influential, he did not coin the term political decay.
• Almond and Powell:
  • Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell are known for their contributions to comparative politics and the study of political systems, but they did not introduce the concept of political decay.

The correct answer is 'A, C, D Only.'

Key Points

• Comparative Politics:
  • Comparative Politics involves the study and comparison of political systems globally. It examines political institutions, processes, and behaviors across different countries.
• Traditional approach in Comparative Politics:
  • In traditional approach, emphasis is on value-laden study of politics:
  • The traditional approach often includes normative and philosophical aspects and focuses on the values and moral judgments in political analysis.
• Behavioural approach:
  • David Easton is one of the leading theorists of Behaviouralism:
  • David Easton significantly contributed to the Behavioural approach, emphasizing empirical and scientific methods in political science.
  • David Easton's input-output analysis has three main variables in the form of demands, supports, and feedbacks:
  • Easton's system analysis model includes inputs (demands and supports), the political system, and outputs (decisions and actions), with feedback loops.

Additional Information

• Behavioural approach is one of the important traditional approaches:
  • This is incorrect.
  • The Behavioural approach is not a traditional approach; it emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction against the traditional, normative approaches, focusing more on empirical and scientific methods.
• 'Political assassination is one of the important positive indices of political development:
  • This is incorrect.
  • Political assassination is generally viewed as a negative and destabilizing factor in political development, not a positive index.

The correct answer is The "Credo of Relevance" directly relates to the shift from Behaviouralism to Post-Behaviouralism, which called for political science to be directly relevant to solving social problems, marking a reaction against the perceived ahistoricism, scientism, and lack of policy relevance of earlier approaches.

The correct answer is A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III
Explanation: In their respective works, (D) Max Weber explores "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," (C) Michael Oakeshott reflects on "On Human Conduct," (A) Antonio Gramsci delves into his "Prison Notebooks," and (B) Robert Putnam examines "Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community."

Key Points (A) Antonio Gramsci - Prison Notebooks:

• Antonio Gramsci was an Italian Marxist theorist and politician. His most famous work is the "Prison Notebooks," written while he was imprisoned by the fascist regime in Italy.
• In the Prison Notebooks, Gramsci explores various concepts related to cultural and political analysis. He introduces the idea of cultural hegemony, which refers to the dominance of a particular social group's worldview over others. Gramsci argued that the ruling class maintains power not just through force but also by controlling cultural institutions and shaping common sense.
• The Prison Notebooks are a rich source of ideas on ideology, intellectuals, and the role of culture in maintaining social order.

(B) Robert Putnam - Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community:

• Robert Putnam is an American political scientist. In "Bowling Alone," Putnam examines the decline of social capital in the United States.
• Social capital refers to the connections and networks of trust and reciprocity within a community. Putnam argues that various social institutions, such as bowling leagues, have experienced a decline in participation, leading to a reduction in social capital.
• The book explores the impact of this decline on civic engagement, political participation, and the overall health of American democracy. Putnam suggests ways to revitalize social capital and rebuild community bonds.

(C) Michael Oakeshott - On Human Conduct:

• Michael Oakeshott was a British philosopher known for his contributions to political theory. In "On Human Conduct," Oakeshott explores the nature of human conduct and the role of practical knowledge.
• Oakeshott distinguishes between two modes of human experience: the practical and the technical. The practical involves a mode of understanding that is more intuitive, based on tradition and personal experience, while the technical involves explicit and systematic knowledge.
• The book delves into the complexities of political life, emphasizing the importance of practical knowledge and the limitations of rationalistic approaches to social and political issues.

(D) Max Weber - The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism:

• Max Weber, a German sociologist and political economist, wrote "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism."
• Weber explores the relationship between Protestantism, particularly Calvinism, and the rise of capitalism in Western Europe. He argues that certain Protestant beliefs, such as the Calvinist emphasis on hard work and a disciplined lifestyle, contributed to the development of a capitalist ethos.
• Weber's work is influential in understanding the cultural and religious underpinnings of economic systems, challenging simplistic economic determinism.

Additional Information

• These four thinkers have significantly contributed to the fields of political science, sociology, and philosophy, offering diverse perspectives on social structures, cultural influences, and the nature of human conduct.