In the process of fabricating monolithic integrated circuits: 

Integrated Circuits:

An integrated circuit (IC) also called a microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip.

There are two types of IC manufacturing technologies

• Monolithic technology
• Hybrid technology.

Monolithic IC:

All electronic components and their interconnections are manufactured into a single chip of silicon.

This technology is applied when identical ICs to be produced on large scale.

Monolithic ICs are cheap but reliable.

Isolation techniques:

Isolation techniques provide electrical isolation between the components and improve frequency response.

Isolation simplifies the physical layout of the integrated circuit.

The regions created by isolation are called isolation regions or isolation islands.

There are two methods of isolation in Integrated circuits. They are

1. P-N junction isolation
2. Dielectric isolation

The below image describes the P-N junction isolation.

Advantages:

• Due to Silicon used in the fabrication, the monolithic IC has good thermal stability.
• Many complex circuits are fabricated in a single chip and hence this simplifies the designing of a complex electronic circuit. Also, it improves performance.
• The reliability of ICs is high
• These are available at a low cost due to bulk production.
• ICs consume very tiny power.
• Higher operating speed due to the absence of parasitic capacitance effect.
• Very easily replaceable from the mother circuit.